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Kerisauan dan kegalauan menjadi sebuah pemakluman

Risau karena dunia bertambah bejat

Galau karena dunia mulai didominasi syahwat manusia

Syahwat kekuasaan, Syahwat penindasan, Syahwat berutang

Sungguh berat bebanmu nak

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Berbeda dengan dahulu

Dahulu bugil adalah porno

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Beban kini berada di pundakmu nak

Karena engkau adalah sebuah pengharapan

Harapan akan masa depan cerah

Harapan akan sebuah kebangkitan

Aisha

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Voters Optimalization; A Game Theoritic Approach

A colleague of mine placed a political phenomenon into an economic framework here. Well, I think it was a nice one which makes me want have one in this blog. My emphasize is on the Optimal Voters achievement using the game theory model.

I simplify the case into a two party competition case. In this simulation, each of the parties face three possible options in which describes political preferences to a candidate in order to win the election. The options are; pairing with Incumbents, (Inc), Celebrities (Cel) or Military figure (Mil)

Here is the table:

		Party II
		Inc	Cel	Mil
Party I	Inc	1,0	0,1	1,0
	Cel	1,0	?	1,0
	Mil	0,1	0,1	?

I place this simulation in a complete vacuum in which assumes the parties do not communicate to each other. Party I is a dominant party in which has a bigger voter base than party II the mediocre one. I base the simulation from the precedent elections which have taken place throughout the country, ranging from municipalities to provinces. Moreover, I assume that all of the party representatives in the election are newcomers, leaving the partner into the above mentioned variables

If party I choose to pair up with incumbent, the party would most likely win the election (1,o) unless party II choose celebrity to be a partner (0,1). If party I pair up with celebrity, they will win the election while leaving party II behind since the odds will be on the dominant side. What about the question mark then? I will explain it at the end of this post.

And here is the interesting part, pairing up with a military figure would then justified as a winning ticket, well then, it serves only in a mythical manner. A party that choose a military figure will only sit on the loosing side.

So, what about the question marks? The question marks will only presence if both parties choose celebrity vis a vis military figure. In this situation, the winner would be the party in which their political engine works the most. A cadre based party like Justice and Prosperity Party (PKS) would undoubtedly have their benefits and would go against all odds.

Please Welcome: Mr Boediono

The prolonged process has come into end when the parliament members were in accord for Boediono to replace Burhanudin Abdullah as the new Governor of Bank of Indonesia (BI). Boediono seemed to please the parliament with all the answers he gave in the fit and proper test forum.

Yes, I think the parliament has made a right decision. Despite his shortcomings, he seems to be the most suited person to fill the job. He even matches the criteria from this guy. But, hey try not to be cocky sir since you have a very difficult task ahead; stabilizing the inflation rate while at the same time creating sustainable economic growth.

Judging from his track record, I bet he will do tight monetary policy instead of a loose one. Well, try not to be hustled Sir! Your overseas colleague, Ben Bernanke, has had his day when he did it without proper judgments. Please Sir, do not betray our trust.

Bewildering Projection

Indonesia may face a slowdown in the forthcoming years. The global turbulence is considered to be the major culprit. The ADB projection as described here has clearly made the confirmation. But it seems that the government had their own projection. I still don't get it, how did they come up with such result?

Well if I try to expel my logic, things would be clearer then. It is more like a political target instead of economic one.

Media Published Article

This is the Indonesian version from the previous post entitled "Governing the Market's Expectation" You can see the original post in republika

Menatap Kinerja Perekonomian

Oleh :

Fithra Faisal Hastiadi

Staf Pengajar FE Universitas Indonesia Kandidat Master dari School of Media and Governance Keio University Japan

Tak terasa kita sudah menjejak dalam triwulan pertama 2008. Singkat memang dalam ukuran waktu, tetapi sudah banyak frame cerita yang membuat publik banyak menahan napasnya. Bayangan akan adanya sebuah krisis lanjutan menjadi momok yang terus bergelayut dalam benak sebagai konsekuensi dari rentetan peristiwa negatif yang terus mengakrabi dunia.

Krisis subprime mortgage di Amerika Serikat yang kemudian dilengkapi dengan krisis minyak dan beberapa komoditas utama dunia telah bertindak sebagai katalis pembentuk kelimbungan. Dengan fakta yang demikian, sebuah gambaran suram yang bertajukkan krisis ekonomi tentu sangat berpotensi membentuk ekspektasi negatif dari pasar.

Ini sebuah hal yang jika dibiarkan berlarut-larut akan mensahihkan ekspektasi yang terbentuk. Gerakan sigap dari pemerintah merupakan sebuah syarat untuk mengatasi kelimbungan. Sebuah peranan institusional yang kemudian dicukupkan dengan komunikasi dan kerja sama yang efektif dengan para stakeholder lainnya, seperti Bank Indonesia, DPR, dan juga pelaku pasar.

Gejolak pendorong stagnasi

Mengerutnya kapasitas ekonomi dunia yang dikomandoi oleh tertahannya laju perekonomian Amerika Serikat dan juga naiknya harga-harga komoditas utama dunia, seperti minyak dan juga produk-produk pertanian, tak pelak telah menyeret perekonomian Indonesia menuju tren yang negatif. Tanda-tanda kemerosotan sudah dapat dilihat dari tren turunnya konsumsi masyarakat sebagai konsekuensi dari tergerusnya daya beli.

Fragmen ini akan menjadi wajar tatkala pergerakan struktur ekonomi domestik berjalan selaras dengan lingkup tren dunia, menjadi hal yang tidak wajar jika yang berlaku adalah sebaliknya. Coba tengok saja nilai rupiah. Di tengah kampanye positif The Fed yang memangkas suku bunganya hingga menyentuh level 2,25 persen, rupiah sepertinya masih enggan untuk beranjak dari level Rp 9.100 per dolar AS.

Ini sebuah anomali yang aneh mengingat rentang suku bunga antara BI rate dan Fed rate sudah sedemikian lebar. Hal ini seharusnya menjadi insentif bagi para pemodal, setidaknya jangka pendek, untuk kembali mengguyur pasar Indonesia dengan arus capital inflow yang masif. Hal ini pada gilirannya diharapkan mengungkit nilai rupiah ke level yang lebih tinggi.

Apa pasal? Kata kuncinya adalah ekspektasi dengan pasar masih memiliki ekspektasi yang negatif terhadap rupiah. Sebuah cerita lama terpaksa dikuak kembali, permasalahan mengenai decoupling effect yang terjadi antara sektor riil dan finansial yang belum terpecahkan hingga kini.

Kenyataan ini berkontribusi terhadap lemahnya fundamental perekonomian Indonesia sehingga wajar saja bila pasar masih belum memberikan kepercayaan secara penuh. Satu hal yang patut kita perhatikan adalah alasan investor untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia. Selain karena fundamental ekonomi yang kuat, adalah ekspektasi mereka mengenai potensi keuntungan yang besar. Gap antara harga saham dan kinerja emiten yang cukup besar sebenarnya bisa diartikan bahwa pelaku pasar mengekspektasikan bahwa adanya peningkatan kinerja emiten pada masa mendatang sehingga mereka bisa mendapatkan keuntungan yang stabil pada masa mendatang.

Dengan kata lain proses decoupling antara sektor riil dan finansial tidak semata-mata dinisbatkan sebagai aksi gelembung spekulatif. Akan tetapi, lebih ke arah aksi gelembung rasional (rational economic bubble).

Investor cenderung mengekspektasikan kebangkitan sektor riil untuk menopang keberlangsungan dari sektor finansial. Akan menjadi masalah yang besar jika ekspektasi ini tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh para pembuat kebijakan. Sedihnya, hal dasar inilah yang kemudian absen dari struktur perekonomian nasional.

Pembentukan ekspektasi semakin terpuruk menuju titik nadir dengan berlarut-larutnya kasus penyidikan Bantuan Likuiditas Bank Indonesia (BLBI) yang melibatkan para pejabat di Bank Indonesia (BI). Kredibilitas dalam kasus ini menjadi taruhannya, sebuah pertaruhan yang teramat riskan mengingat faktor kredibilitas ini berfungsi sebagai simbol penggerak pasar.

Solusi jangka panjang

Upaya untuk mengembalikan perekonomian Indonesia ke dalam jalurnya bukannya tidak pernah dilakukan. Akan tetapi, belum secara efektif dilaksanakan. Prinsip di balik penyusunan kerangka kerja makroekonomi yang baik dan benar adalah kredibilitas, fleksibilitas, dan legitimasi politik.

Peraturan dapat memunculkan kredibilitas jika peraturan itu merupakan sebuah peraturan yang sudah dikenal luas dan dipahami oleh masyarakat. Dengan adanya kredibilitas, maka akan menjadi lebih mudah untuk mengatasi gejolak ekonomi dengan instrumen kebijakan yang diberlakukan oleh otoritas ekonomi.

Kredibilitas juga dapat menjadi lebih baik ketika terdapat kerangka kerja yang transparan dan accountable yang pada akhirnya dapat memperkuat legitimasi politik. Kebijakan yang baik muncul apabila pembuat kebijakan dan institusi pembuat kebijakan mempunyai kemampuan untuk secara cepat bereaksi terhadap terjadinya gejolak ekonomi yang tidak terduga.

Pembuat kebijakan yang kredibel adalah pembuat kebijakan yang dalam membuat kebijakannya memperhatikan faktor transparansi kebijakan. Dengan tingginya tingkat transparansi kebijakan, maka gejolak ekonomi yang terjadi akan dengan mudah ditanggulangi.

Tanpa adanya transparansi, kebijakan mengenai target ekonomi dan peraturan fiskal menjadi tidak berguna karena publik tidak dapat membandingkan antara target dan realisasi. Dengan demikian, dapat memicu terjadinya ketidakseimbangan dalam perekonomian. Pada praktiknya, transparansi ini diwujudkan oleh pembuat kebijakan dengan memublikasikan analisis mengenai prospek ekonomi masa depan dan juga analisis kebijakan ekonomi yang telah dibuat pada periode sebelumnya.

Akuntabilitas menjadi suatu pendukung yang penting terhadap terwujudnya transparansi. Dengan adanya akuntabilitas kebijakan, maka dengan sendirinya akan muncul legitimasi politik yang kuat. Lebih lanjut, legitimasi politik menjadi penting karena kebijakan-kebijakan yang dibuat harus merefleksikan sebuah konsensus nasional. Kondisi balance of power dan juga tanggung jawab yang ada, pada akhirnya dapat mengurangi dampak buruk dari kurang terkoordinasinya kebijakan.

Ikhtisar:

- Kebangkitan sektor riil akan menopang keberlangsungan sektor finansial. - Ada gejala aneh pada perekonomian Indonesia dibanding tren global.

Do Not Cut The BI Rate!

There are two opposing sides regarding the issue of BI rate. The first group views that the BI rate has to be cut in order to stimulate people’s consumption in which could lead to a more sound and sustainable economic growth. On the other hand, the other group sees that the BI rate has to be maintained in its present condition or even leverage it in to a higher rate so that it could guard the Rupiah’s value since. Moreover, they also believe that the muscular value of Rupiah could have a positive contribution to the target of inflation in 2008. As for me, in a normal situation I would rather sided with the first party but upon seeing what has happened now in the global financial crisis, I prefer to team up with the later.

Two or three years ago, the first choice which is to cut the BI rate, seems to be a very rational choice to be made. With the impoverishment of people’s purchasing power as a consequence from a high level of inflation rate, cutting the BI rate was considered to be effective according to some pundits. But, at that time, the central bank was very eager to cut its rate in order to cope with the high level of inflation rate. A choice which then was proven to be wrong since it was only made things worse. It is true that the interest rate has functioned as a tool to control inflation, but it was important to be noted that the high level of inflation in 2005 was caused by the major shrinkage in the production capacity. In other word, the inflationary episode was caused by the cost push inflation characteristics.

On the other hand, the Inflation targeting framework from which the central bank holds on to, will only work in a situation in which the inflation is caused by the demand pull inflation characteristic. Thus, the result can be easily guessed, the people’s purchasing power was even more devastated while leaving the real economic sector into a major slump and near to death condition.

The collapse of the real economic sector at that time could be seen through the described data. Take a look at the data; the growth of manufacturing industries has only grown to 7.9 percents in 2004 and 5.9 percents in 2005 which was below the average target of 8.59 percents per year. Thus, the major concern came from the decreasing trend of growth. On the other hand, on the labor absorbency side, in the year of 2004, the manufacturing sector only absorbs 13 thousands worker, which was below the average target of 528 thousands worker per year.

Another example was the garment industries; this sector has a major decreasing trend as a consequence of the high energy cost, the selling price of the garment products was steadily decreasing around 5 up to 10 percents a year while the operational cost was also steadily increasing around 10 percents a year. Not to mention the companies that could not grasp the international market opportunities as a consequence of the lacking of working capital. Electronic industries could also be seen as another example; this sector could no longer stay in the business not only because of the decrease in the people’s purchasing power but also because it could not compete with the cheap imported products.

Alas, the condition in two or three years ago was very much different with the present. The option to cut the BI rate is no longer considered to be an effective choice. The central bank must not always go along with the fed policy. The massive cutting which was applied by the fed to its interest rate is considered to be an emergency policy coping with the global imbalance in the financial sector. To take the same procedure like the fed is very risky since the rupiah had a very grim history in coping with this kind of stuff. Amid the storm in the financial sector, the weak fundamental factors that constitute the Rupiah’s value have to be taken into account.

There will be a basic problem arising from the policy to raise the BI rate which is the target of economic growth. A problem that is objectively raised since the high level of interest rate could impede the consumption rate which would only hamper the phase of economic growth. Employing the global financial crises variable, I made a simulation that try to seek the relationship between the interest rate, the exchange rate and also the economic growth. This simulation used a vector auto regression technique which was developed by Christopher Sims in 1980.

In this simulation I found that every policy attempting to increase the interest rate was proved to have a negative impact to the economic growth. But this impact would not prolong, it only took one quarter of a year. For the forthcoming periods, the Rupiah’s appreciation, as an output from the rise in interest rate, would give positive contribution to the economic growth. This contribution eventually could be more than just to offset the negative impact which was initially taken place in the first period since it has bigger coefficient factor to contribute the economic growth. One thing to be noted, this sequence of condition is only true if and only if the interest rate leverage is below 1 percentage point

The mechanism is quite rational; the increasing level of interest rate would impede not only the aggregate demand but also the export projection. These factors would obstruct the phase of economic growth in the first quarter. But in the following periods, along with the Rupiah’s appreciation, the aggregate demand would be more than doubled since the effect of imported inflation was gradually diminished. On the other side, the export growth had also had the retrieving trend. This is Based on the fact that more than a half of export products have a massive dependency from the import components so that the Rupiah’s appreciation would lead to decrease in the cost of production. These factors would undoubtedly underwrite the economic growth for the forthcoming periods.

To wrap things up, I would say that the previous mistake should be considered as a factor to comprise the future policy. Furthermore, the policy makers should have enough credibility to diminish all of the mistakes that have been done before. With credibility, any economic turbulence could be easily tackled with the given policy instruments.

No country for old men

I was roaming around the news on the web when I was suddenly stunt by this shocking fact. We know that Indonesian policymakers are now being hustled and bustled by the year on year Inflation target of 6.5 percent. And we also now that it would become a very hard-hitting job since the year on year inflation rate on February has mounted up to 7.4 percentage points.

But the condition which I found on Zimbabwe was hilarious, it's way beyond imagination. A 100.000 percentage point of year on year Inflation rate, oh gosh. There is a massive gap between the amount of money and goods being circulated, a typical situation for a poor country but alas it is still very shocking.

This gloomy description desolately contributes to the decrease in the total well being. It was reported that the average life expectancy rate for this country is ranging only from 34-37 years old. Well then, it reminds me of an Academy award winner movie entitled "No country for Old Men"

Governing The Market's Expectation

Not without notice, we have stepped our feet in the first quarter of year 2008. In this relatively short time, public have experienced many things in which they hold their breaths for. A grim shadow of the upcoming crisis continues to haunt every possible action as a consequence from the series of episode which always genial to the world. The subprime mortgage crises in The United States which then be complemented by the oil crises have functioned as a catalyst for numbness. With these precedent facts, a dingy description entitled the economic crises has potentially formed a negative expectation from the market. A dismal measure if which being prolonged could confirm the expectation. A prompt movement from the government is a necessary condition to cope with the confusion. An institutional duty which then be complemented by effective coordination and communication with other stakeholders like the Bank of Indonesia (BI), the Parliament and also the market.

Turbulence lead Stagnation

The contraction of the world’s economic capacity which are lead by the impediment of the United States’ economic growth and the rising of price from the world’s major commodity like oil and agricultural products have indeed pulled the Indonesian economic situation into a negative trend. The signals of slump could be noticed from the downward trend of public consumption as a consequence from the purchasing power impoverishment. This fragment would become natural if the movement of domestic economic structure came linearly with the global trend but it would become unnatural when it serves the opposite.

Take a look at Rupiah’s value, amid the positive campaign from the fed that cuts its interest rate to the very low level of 2,25 percent, the rupiah still look very sluggish to adjust from its initial level. An anomaly since the spread of the interest rate between BI rate and Fed rate has broaden in a way that it could act as an incentive to the fund owners to flood the Indonesian market with massive capital inflows which in turn make a leverage to the rupiah.

So, what is the problem actually? The keyword is expectation, in which the market still has negative expectation to the rupiah. An old story come to be retold, a story about decoupling effect which happens between the real economic sector and the financial sector, a story that still has not found the end. This fact contributes to the fragility of Indonesian economic base in which leads to the market distrust. One thing that should be noted is that the reason to invest in Indonesia, aside from the strong economic base, is because of the expectation from the investors to have future economic gains. The gap between the price of the stock and the issuance company performance could be seen as the positive expectation from them who prospect the increasing performance of the company, so that they could experience a stable profit in the future. In other words, the decoupling process between the real and financial sector should be seen as a rational economic bubble instead of a speculative one. The investors tend to expect the improvement of the real economic sector which can bring the sustainability of in the financial sector. Problem would arise if this expectation could not be fulfilled by the policy makers. Well, it happens now!

The expectation forming continues to become worsen with the prolonged case of BI’s Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) which involves BI’s high ranking officer. Credibility is at its stake, a very risky bet since credibility functions as a symbol to lead the market.

Long Run Solution for Indonesian Economy

Efforts to bring the Indonesian economy to its path is not like it has never been done before but it has not effectively done. The principles of a good macroeconomic framework are credibility, flexibility and political legitimation. Rule of law could create credibility if the rule is widely known and well understood by the public. With credibility, it will be easier to handle any economic turbulence with the policy instrument that is controlled by the economic authority. Credibility could function more when there is a transparent and an accountable framework in which strengthens political legitimation. Effective policy would merge up if the policy makers have the ability to react promptly in every unprecedented shock.

Credible policy makers are those who make the policy with respect for transparency. With the high level transparency, any economic shock would be easily diminished. Without transparency, every policy with regards to economic target and fiscal rule would become obsolete since the public could not compare between the target and the realization. This could turn into economic imbalances. In the level of practice, transparency could be created by the policy makers by publishing the analyses about future economic prospects and complement it with the analyses from the former economic policies which are conducted in the previous period. Furthermore, accountability could act as a major supporting factor for the transparency establishment. With the presence of accountable policy, a strong political legitimation would then arrive. More over, the political legitimation would become very important since the policies being made should reflect national consensus. This in turn creates balance of power and also general responsibilities which could reduce the negative effect from the uncoordinated policy.

The anomaly

Public couldn't stop groaning upon seeing the anomaly in rupiah's value. It serves mismatch between trends and facts. The fuzziness like this could stumble the efforts to regain sound economic climate. One thing for sure, we need not only economic consensus but also political one.

Maafkan Ana Ukhti

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